Solar photovoltaic is one of the fastest growing industries in the world economy - an average annual rate of growth in 2005-2010. estimated at 30%. And although the cost of electricity produced by solar panels, is still fairly high, its rapid depreciation is projected in the near future. On the prospects of development of this direction says the head. Laboratory of photovoltaic cells Physical -Technical Institute. A. F. Joffe Professor in the Sciences. M. Andreev:. - Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, how active is developing solar power?.
- The current global photovoltaic market - it is quite mature, fast-growing segment of the global economy with ever- increasing growth rate. This is due, first, the practical orientation of national programs of developed countries: 100 000 ...
According to forecasts, the volume of fotoenergosistem in 2020. exceed 50 GW m. e. 20 years, the market volume will increase by 140 times ( in 2000. was produced 280 MW).
Photovoltaic economically viable now. For example, to provide electricity to independent customers, as well as for low-voltage electrical supply ( orientation lighting, sensors, etc. ). It is expected that soon the price of one solar kilowatt-hour equals the price of a kilowatt-hour produced by coal-fired stations.
Production of solar cells are engaged in Siemens, Sharp, Kyocera, BP Solar and others. The growing market for solar photovoltaic - commercially very promising. By mid-century oil and gas reserves are close to depletion and solar electricity to offset the decline in production. At the same time increasing emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere should lead to accelerated development of clean solar photovoltaic to reduce pollution and global warming. Solar electricity is the dominant source of energy with a share of about 60% by the end of the century by almost undiminishing energy resource - the sun. Hidden social costs of compensation for the harmful effects of ... ) Are distributed to all of society and constitute 50-80% of energy prices. If you include those costs directly in the rates of fuel and energy, the photovoltaic can be competitive at this early stage of its development.
Electricity is the key to raising living standards in areas without electricity supply, and solar energy could become the dominant decentralized source of energy in these areas due to its virtually unlimited resources.
- What are the prospects for the development of photovoltaic power in Russia?.
- For Russia, the widespread use of photo energy is just as important. Now, more than 10 million Russian citizens live without centralized electrical supply. Even if 1 million people will use photovoltaic (on every citizen of ~ 2 kW · h / day ), you must install a 500 MW peak power fotoenergosistem.
Another great Russian photovoltaic potential consumer is the agricultural sector, which alone can consume hundreds of megawatts of peak energy of solar panels per year.
If we add to this already naturally emerging market for fotoenergosistem autonomous navigation software, systems, telecommunications systems for resort and recreation and tourism, cottages, solar street lamps, etc. q, the total demand in Russia, solar can be more than 1 GW / year.
It should be borne in mind that the average annual income of solar radiation in many southern regions of Russia than in Germany, Italy and Spain. At the same time on the basis of Russian companies: RPC ...
- As far as economically viable use of solar energy?.
- Despite the positive trends in photo energy, there is a significant deterrent - the high cost of fotoenergosistem due to high costs as the main material - silicon and expensive process.
Now about 90% of the world's solar cells are made on the basis of crystalline silicon solar cells of about 6.5% made in the form of thin films of materials such as amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper and indium diselenide (CIS) and others, put on a different . The increasing need for initial silicon leads today to the great difficulties in increasing production volumes of silicon solar cells and reduce their cost. The efficiency of silicon solar cells is about 14 % with little growth potential.
The main areas of work, which should provide lower cost batteries are lower cost source of silicon, the improvement of equipment and technological process of manufacturing solar cells, increased production fotoenergosistem to reduce production costs.
Another promising way to reduce the cost of solar electricity - using nanotechnology to create fotoenergosistem with concentrators of solar radiation. In such systems, concentrator photovoltaic electricity cost can be reduced by more than 2-fold by reducing the area of 1000 solar cells. In this specific energy in the concentrator fotoenergosistemah can be increased by 3 times due to greater efficiency and ensure continued accurate orientation of the Sun.
The use of solar cells based on the concentrated radiation can dramatically reduce the cost of expensive semiconductor materials, and the level of development of this technology makes it possible to use already, in principle, complex and advanced technology for solar energy on a large scale. Moreover, this complex and expensive technology in the general principle opens up the possibility of obtaining the cheapest electricity in comparison with other methods of converting solar energy.
Isofoton ( Spain ), Amonix ( U.S. ), Concentrix ( Germany) and several other companies have already announced the organization of industrial production of solar energy concentrator -based heterostructure solar cells, which should provide a significant reduction in the cost of solar electricity. Plans to organize such production in Russia. Based on the development of PTI plan to create the enterprise for the production of concentrator solar cells based on the cascade nanoheterostructures. Each year the plant will produce a total installed capacity of 50 MW.
In accordance with the Military- Industrial Commission under the Russian Government for the construction of the production will be allocated to the investment loan Vnesheconombank 2.5 billion rubles. Still the same amount to private investors. The most likely partner for this project is the National Innovation Company ... It is planned that construction of the plant will begin in 2009. Now consider two versions of its location: Moscow and St. Petersburg. We believe that the new facility should be located close to the Institute of developer. In addition, the amount of initial investment - 5 billion - could be reduced by about 1 billion due to tax benefits, if this project will be implemented in St. Petersburg, technology-innovative special economic zone.
Production of concentrator solar cells will enable hundreds of times to reduce the demand for semiconductor materials. 1 gram of the semiconductor, working 25 years in the concentrator fotoenergosisteme equivalent to the received power about 5 tons of oil. With the use of technologies developed and prototypes of solar fotoenergoustanovok possible to organize large-scale production in Russia terrestrial concentrator cells. With an annual production volume of more than 200 MW, the cost of production in the global market will reach $ 1 billion at a cost less than $ 400 million.
With further increasing the output of power plants based on them can create powerful organic photovoltaic plants, which can give a significant contribution to the country's energy. The use of such power plants in areas without central power (steppes, deserts and mountains) will make these places suitable for a civilized life.
- That is the production of concentrator fotoenergosistem economically more advantageous than conventional photovoltaic cells based on silicon crystals?.
- Do not oppose the conventional and concentrator fotoenergosistemy in assessing prospects for photovoltaic. And they both should be used in future power systems. Apparently, the usual modules of silicon solar cells will form the basis of decentralized electricity generation. Belonging to a wide range of entities that are installed on roofs and walls of buildings and structures, networked, they will embody the ...
However, to meet the energy needs of energy-intensive industries, municipal, community, etc. Dr.. will be necessary to create a fairly large solar plants that provide the minimum cost of electricity generated. The use of concentrator photovoltaic cells for the establishment of such stations is quite natural solution. There comes a time when you should move on to greater investments in this area.
- As far as the law in force in Russia contributes to the development of alternative solar energy?.
- Development of Photovoltaic meets most of the top priorities approved in 2003, ... This reduction of the harmful impact of FEC on the environment, integrated use of local energy sources, the creation of clean energy, reducing emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by 30-40 % by 2010. However, while the legislative support of this direction is virtually absent.
I'm sure that must be the early adoption of the law of the Russian Federation on the photovoltaic, which should include support for basic and applied research aimed at reducing the cost of solar electricity. In addition, incentives should be provided for the creation of raw materials ( large-scale production of silicon ... Should be fixed benefits ' producers ' and consumers of solar energy, which improves the environment and ensuring energy supply is already improving the quality of life of autonomous consumers, and in the future - energy security. The lack of legislative support for Russia closes forever this highly profitable energy sector.
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